Samoa Islands Essay Example for Free

Samoa Islands Essay Samoa is a gathering of islands situated in the south pacific, roughly somewhere between New Zealand and Hawaii. It comprises of two primary islands, Upolu and Savaii. Samoa is notable for its normal magnificence and scene. Samoa is a lot of a traveler goal. Travelers are pulled in to the solid duty to brandish, Samoan cooking, Samoan way of life, normal attractions, and customary perspectives, for example, inking and formal events. In spite of the fact that, despite what might be expected, Samoa has enormous disservices for being situated in the pacific area as catastrophic events are a reoccurrence in its history. The latest being the 2009 Tsunami, executing around 200 individuals. The Samoan notoriety has likewise as of late become undermined in light of disrupting among Samoans and Tongans. Despite the fact that this is a surprising bit of information to Australians, this contention among Samoa and Tonga has a long history behind it. Religion Samoa is for the most part a Christian nation. The law is a lot of dependent on Christian morals and houses of worship are situated in each town. The most well-known categories are EFKS, Mormonism, Catholicism and Assembly of God. Recently are present day holy places, for example, Pentecostal Christian holy places and even Muslim. Religion is a lot of separated of Samoan culture, and rehearsed inside the nuclear family. Game Samoans appreciate loads of sports, for instance well known games incorporate volley ball, contact footy, cricket and rugby association. Samoans have had groups contend in the Commonwealth Games; they have won gold awards for weightlifting and bronze decoration in sports. Samoans additionally have a fruitful national rugby crew, Manu Samoa, who won the Rugby Sevens a year ago. Tattoos The customary Samoan inking is known as the pe’a, the body tattoo. Initially, the pe’a was just inked on those Samoans with a ‘matai’ title, which is a main job where they are named agents of their families or towns. So the ‘matai’ title was generally very regarded inside the Samoan culture.

Account of the Travels, Sufferings and Persecutions of Barbara Blaugdon

Record of the Travels, Sufferings and Persecutions of Barbara Blaugdone The title of Barbara Blaugdone’s diary is An Account of the Travels, Sufferings and Persecutions of Barbara Blaugdone, with â€Å"travels† featured by its tremendous size. Without a doubt, when perusing the book the peruser is maybe generally struck by Blaugdone’s exorbitant, about consistent travel propensities. It might even be contended that at its heart the book is a movement story and not a journal or even a strict record. She gallivants about the oceans around the British Islea, in England as well as daring to Ireland to convert and lecture those yet immaculate by the Quaker message. Travel was a significant piece of Quaker life. As a youngster strict development concentrated on the significance of thoughtful confidence and an individual relationship with God, numerous Friends volunteered to get the message out around the world. Moreover, as a gathering looked downward on and detested by the remainder of English society, Quakers were tempered to have an inclination towards autonomy and experience that serve...

How Investors Encounter Political Risk In Project Finance Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Project Finance is a long term project which needs political will of the governments. It is a long term investment which needs political motivation as well as the continuation of the economic policies of the government. The governments adopts project finance for the provision of public infrastructure through PPPS. The success or failure of project finance has severe political consequences. It is difficult to made or run any project finance without any political support. For example a project finance agreement between a state owned power company and a project company for the construction of power station can not be possible unless the top management of the official company decides that the project is in their interest. The break through can only be possible when there is a strong direction of the government. Political support is needed from initiating the project till the completion of the project. Financers need to take steps for the alleviation of political risks before providing any finance to the project. There are three classes or groups of political risks which includes investment risks and investment risks includes Currency convertibility and transfer, expropriation of the project by the state and political violence. Political risk in project finance also includes the change of law which means legislative, judiciary or executive can take a decision in which laws are changed which includes new import export restrictions, changes in environmental law, and new tax regulations. Quasi-Political Risks includes breach of contract and court decisions. Project financers and sponsors can reduce political risk by signing an investor friendly agreement between the sponsor and the government. Political risk can be reduced through the risk insurance through the insurance companies present in the private sector. Companies should also take legislative protection by signing an agreement with the government that any change of law will not affect the terms and conditions of the government. Government should gave permission to the company that there is no restriction on the company if it will take loan from the private sector. After the 9/11 incident in America there were claims of billions of dollars which insurance companies had to pay to the claimants of world trade center. So now it is difficult to buy any risk insurance policy because now insurance company is selling terrorism insurance policy. The problem is that terrorist activities in the world is increasing and now no company is ready to take the risk. In the thirld world counteries financing of large projects wrere managed by the governments. In thirld world counteries most projects were given on Built, Operate and Transfer basis. Governments gave such type of projects to the companies in which they dont want to involve due to some reasons which includes pessure from international organizations, local pressures and environmental issues. Economic benefits of project finance includes a secured loan to the sponsor secured by the project assets would normally give lenders recourse to sponsors assets in addition to project assets in the event of default. At the same time, depending on applicable insolvency laws, a secured lenders claim over the project assets may be subordinated to the claims of other creditors of the sponsor. Project finance is typically used for projects in infrastructure and extractive industries, including ,mines, water and sewage systems, power plants, energy transmission systems, pipelines, roads, railways, airports, ports. Project finamnce has a social, economic and political impact on the host society. Many large projects promote the economic development of the host country by providing employment, profits and technology transfer for local suppliers, tax revenue for the state, and, in some cases, additional goods or services for local customers. However, the operation of projects that make use of project financing may also have adverse effects in the host society. For instance, many of the projects listed above can result in environmental pollution or displacement of residents. In addition, where the project creates a monopoly over the production of locally-consumed goods or services, such as electricity, water or transportation, local consumers may be prejudiced by exploitative pricing policies. Projects that generate revenues from overseas can also be associated with adverse economic or political effects within the host state. Economic effects of project finance is that it gives a a large boost in exports, the result may be that the host nations currency will appreciate in value. Generally, an appreciation of this sort makes a nations other exports less competitive, as foreign buyers essentially must pay a higher price for them. It also gave boost to the real estate. This can be problematic if manufacturing is more likely to contribute to growth than other industries.Governments can take proactive steps to reduce these effects (known as the Dutch Disease), such as investing certain amounts of money overseas so as to avoid driving up either the currency or the price level and thereby crowding out non-resource exports. Political effects includes more access a state has to cashflows from export-oriented projects the less dependent it is on tax revenues or foreign financiers. This makes governments less accountable to external constituencies and can undermine their incentives to govern soundly. States sometimes respond to these concerns by adopting special laws that govern how revenues from projects are to be spent. This strategy is particularly common among oil-producing countries. Usually the proceeds from projects are put into special funds that serve specific purposes, such as investing in education or simply to serve as reserve for a future time when revenues are inadequate. The international community has responded to these concerns by promoting transparency in financial transactions between states that host lucrative export-oriented projects and foreign companies. For instance, the Publish What You Pay coalition of over 300 NGOs worldwide calls for the mandatory disclosure of the payments made by oil, gas and mining companies to all governments for the extraction of natural resources. The coalition also calls on resource-rich developing country governments to publish full details on revenues. Advocates of the movement argue that transparency will place pressure on governments to use the revenues from projects to more effectively promote economic growth. The World Bank has endorsed this strategy by adopting its Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative. In project finance there is a role of project agreements. The project documents serve to allocate risks amongst the parties involved the transaction. From a commercial perspective, the most important risks are the following completion risk, operating risk, resource risk (availability of inputs), market risk/currency risk (value of outputs), political risk (state actions that affect revenues). The social, economic, and political implications of projects are influenced by a variety of bodies of law.Projet finance investors need to follow the host state regulation of foreign investment. Countries have laws that limit foreign investment in various sectors or only permit it at the discretion of government officials. Many states are subject to international obligations that limit their ability to regulate foreign investment. The sources of those obligations include agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIMs), general Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) , bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) and regional agreements such as the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), many multilateral organizations discourage countries from adopting restrictions on foreign investment. Many enders require the projects they support to meet social and environmental standards that are independent of any binding legal obligations. A significant number of private project finance lenders have endorsed the Equator Principles, which commit them to ensure that the projects they support meet social and environmental standards set by the International Finance Corporation to guide its own operations. Methods of enforcing these obligations vary. For instance, some of the ultilateral financial institutions have established ombudsmen or quasi-judicial bodies charged with overseeing compliance with their operational policies. While making a contract law in public policy there are few concerns which include enforceability of stipulated damages clauses, enforceability of choice of law, choice of forum and arbitration clauses, enforceability of obligations in the hands of assignees, recognition of foreign judgments and arbitral wards. Concerns like domestic laws that that affect the value of the project to its investors and sponsors. Projects typically implicate a broad range of domestic laws of general application, including, immigration laws. Many projects will require professionals with specific technical skills to be on site. Often such labor cannot be supplied domestically and must be brought in from elsewhere, environmental and safety laws, tax laws, currency controls. Changes in these laws, or outright physical expropriation, can seriously impair the value of the project to investors and sponsors. Projects are often designed to minimize the host states incentive to take such action. Staging the investment, withholding critical technology, or involving actors such as official creditors or political risk insurers who can threaten to cut off future dealings with the state are all ways of creating disincentives to expropriate. Sponsors and financiers of large projects often obtain agreements that require the host state to exempt them from specified domestic laws or to provide compensation for changes in the law. (Provisions designed to insulate foreign investors from the effects of changes in the law are sometimes referred to as stabilization clauses.) International legal obligations such as customary international law and the provisions of Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) limit host states ability to expropriate the assets of foreign investors or otherwise treat them unfairly, including by reneging on agreements designed to insulate them from the effects of domestic law. Many commentators are concerned that these sorts of international obligations place undue restrictions on host states ability to adopt socially beneficial laws.

Analysis of Ah, Are you Digging on My Grace - 1212 Words

The poem under analysis is called Ah, Are you Digging on My Grace? and it is written by the novelist and poet Thomas Hardy. There are two main speakers in the poem, although other characters were referred to as well. The first main speaker is a deceased woman, who is trying to identify the visitor of her grave. The second main speaker is her living feline companion, which responds to her questions. The dog quotes other characters whom presence is questioned by the woman. The referred-to characters are her lover, family members, and enemy. The poem is essentially a dialog between the woman and her dog. She is astounded to sense that someone is â€Å"digging† on her grave, and is disappointed every time she provides an anxious guess. The woman’s†¦show more content†¦On the other hand, the dog not only disaffirms her guesses, but adds to the insensitivity by including a deplorable reason of their absence. Another ironic idea is faithfulness, where dogs are general ly considered to be the most faithful, and in this case the dog did not even realize it was her grave. The unresolved disappointment or loneliness within the dead woman is in itself tension. It seems as if she was waiting for a sign of visit, and when it arrived, was not what she was expecting. Therefore, disappointment was present before, during, and after the dialog with her dog. The statements which her loved ones (and enemy) had said were assumed to be unheard by her. Although, when it had reached her, it opposed what she thought of initially. She was indeed hurt by her lover’s immediate marriage, her family’s unconcern to mourn, and thought her enemy would still hold a grudge. There is a contradiction between speculation and reality. The poem Ah, Are You Digging on My Grave? puts optimism and pessimism in conflict, but resolves it by asserting pessimism. If the actual rhythm is considered, it is continuous throughout the entire poem, following a composition of â €Å"ABCCB†. Seeing that pessimism is existent from beginning to end, it is emphasizes by a rhythm that does not change throughout the entire poem. It is as if pessimism will still exist even after the end of the dialogue. Rhyme provides a singing tone to anyShow MoreRelatedI Love Reading Essay69689 Words   |  279 Pagesfound to be of greater signiï ¬ cance for those who start out without any work experience (21%) than for those with substantial work experience (13%). 2.3 Positive Factors: What Excites Entrepreneurs? 2.3.1 When entrepreneurs were asked: ‘Where do you see yourself ï ¬ ve years from now?’, it was discovered that most entrepreneurs envision the future of their business in terms of the nature and quality of work (and other intangibles) rather than only in terms of turnover and growth rates. While some

Jane Eyre, One of the Greatest Love Stories of All Time

â€Å"Jane Eyre† is a novel of passion, desire, rage and defiance, combining to form a literary sensation that has withstood the test of time. The novel’s sense of mystery, betrayal and deceit create the perfect romance narrative which has been evoking passion from its readers for over a century. Jane’s enduring quest for love, love of a family and of an equal fulfill the human ideals of romance as she defies all obstacles in her way. The love between Rochester and Jane dissolves the constraints of Victorian society where social status becomes of little significance. â€Å"Jane Eyre† epitomizes triumph over impossible odds as two people of different status can love each other for who they are and nothing more. A major theme of â€Å"Jane Eyre† is Jane’s†¦show more content†¦Something that also appeals to many readers is that Jane does not settle with a loveless marriage. Although Mr. Rochester betrays Jane, she has faith in their love. Where Mr. Rochester tempts Jane to reject all social convention and duty, St John wants her to abandon passion. Both characters act as a foil to one another and represent the two halves of Jane’s personality and Jane shows here that she struggles with her identity against both men, ‘I was almost as hard beset by him as I had been once before, in a different way, by another,’ Rochester and Jane are often represented as fire, ‘flaming and flashing’ and St John is represented as ice, ‘By degrees, he acquired a certain influence over me that took away my liberty of mind. . . I fell under a freezing spell,’ ultimately Jane chooses to be her true self but has learnt to balance this with self-c ontrol, also highlighted by Donald D. Stone, ‘the efforts of the Bronte protagonists to find a middle position between passionate rebellion and rigid self-control.’ The love between Jane and Mr. Rochester is extremely passionate and the chemistry between them brings both characters to life. There is a lot of camaraderie between the two characters which is often humorous and allows the reader to gain an intimate knowledge of Jane and Rochester’s relationship and to also feel more involved with both characters. ‘Am I hideous, Jane?’ ‘Very, sir: You always were, you know.’ The writer Anthony Trollope describedShow MoreRelatedEssay about Aurora Leigh882 Words   |  4 Pages Aurora Leigh The story Aurora Leigh is the story of a fictional woman poet. This story was Elizabeth Barret Brownings greatest achievement. This was the first major poem in English Literature in which the heroine, just like the author was a woman writer. This story had a lot to do with Aurora as a rising poet in a society that did not except woman as artists. Society set a restriction on women because of the role that was put upon them. Society basically sets the women into an imprisonmentRead MoreEssay on Criticisms of Jane Eyre1615 Words   |  7 PagesCriticisms of Jane Eyre The major criticisms of the novel in question to be the melodrama used by the author and the wickedness of character shown in Jane and Mr. Rochester. While most critics admired the style of writing and truth of character portrayal, they did not admire the improbability of circumstances or the characters portrayed. Elizabeth Rigby (later Lady Eastlake) was probably the harshest critic, calling Jane Eyre â€Å"the personification of an unregenerate and undisciplinedRead MoreThe Lives of Emily and Charlotte Brontà «2000 Words   |  8 Pagesexceptional novels throughout history. Their stories captivate the minds of readers alike, taking them to a world of dark, eerie hatred, and overcoming the obstacle faced with love and devotion. However, both sisters have diverse styles of writing. Charlotte Brontà « tends to use more humor through her works, while Emily Brontà « uses more satire along with a sardonic tone. T hey both come together to have somewhat similar themes, making the moral of the story mentally powerful. Charlotte Brontà «, theRead MoreFeminist Criticism Of Pride And Prejudice1220 Words   |  5 Pagesis that Pride and Prejudice is one of the best works of fiction in its category. Jane Austen’s nineteenth century novel has become one of the most popular works of English literature, with over twenty million copies sold and numerous film and television adaptations (Walsh). The novel falls under the category of nineteenth century English literature and proves successful in numerous criteria. 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Many female writers never received recognition while they were still living, instead the recognition they deserved mostly came after death. Many female writers had hard lives that lead them to becoming the writers that they were. Most suffered some type of hardship be it a poor childhood, death, or heartache, they all had their own back stories. Two of the grea test female writers in history were Jane AustenRead MoreSt. John and Jane Eyre Essay2064 Words   |  9 Pagesothers see our point of view makes one sympathetic. â€Å"Jane Eyre† by Charlotte Bronte follows the story of a rebellious young girl who matures into a stable woman. During her life journey, Jane encounters many people including St. John. St. John is has devoted his life to God and wishes to bring Jane to India with him. St. John is a sympathetic character because he truly believes that his commitment to his religion will benefit him in the after life. Because Jane is the narrator, the reader is givenRead MoreEssay on Wuthering Heights, Jane Eyre and Pride and Prejudice1903 Words   |  8 PagesWuthering Heights, Jane Eyre and Pride and Prejudice Wuthering Heights presents the theme of love within and outside of marriage. This book has a major female character whose marriage conflicts in some way with her ideal of love. Catherines first love is Heathcliff. She falls in love with him as both grow up together. Yet she finds a different kind of love with Edgar Linton. Catherine decides to marry Edgar, who can satisfy her civilized side. When Heathcliff returnsRead MoreA Stereotypical Representation Of Females During Victorian Period2501 Words   |  11 Pagesrepresentation of females during Victorian period. Throughout history the archetypes of the heroine have vastly changed from being dependant victims to independent strong females. Jane Eyre and the narrator are both oppressed by patriarchy, where men were the makers and enforcers of social and political rules. The unnamed narrator and Jane could be seen as a microcosm of their respective societies, as females were demarcated as â€Å"timid†, â€Å"dependent† (AQA Critical Anthology) unlike males who were physicallyRead MoreThe Effects Of Marriage, Love And Love In Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre1551 Words   |  7 PagesFrom the first time Rochester met Jane, Rochester had feelings for Jane because she was honest and showed entirely truth within herself; something other girls in that time period lacked. Yet, Rochester cruelly is willing to make her lie, to change who Jane as a person to gain her trust. The author provides the clear picture that this marriage does not work within their society; however, Jane learns to love him so much she will trust him blindly. In Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte, the author utilizes

Managing Financial Employment Share

Question: Describe about the Managing Financial for Employment Share. Answer: 1.a:- i) Leonard, a Singaporean by birth and having a permanent resident in Singapore, earned S$230,000 as employment income for the service, provided in Vietnam. Generally, income, earned from foreign sources, is exempted for taxation purpose. However, the foreign employment was related with his Singapore employments. Hence, it cannot treated as his foreign income and has to be assessed as fully taxable income ("Singapore Personal Income Tax - 2015 Guide | Individual Tax in Singapore", 2016). ii) The rental income, received by Leonard, from his Australian property is an income from overseas income property. Hence, it is not be included in the taxable income of Leonard. iii) Leonard had earned income from his part-time employment as part-time lecturer in a private educational institution. The institution is situated in Singapore. Therefore, the income from part-time employment should also be considered as taxable income of Leonard. iv)Winning from any kind of betting, such as lottery, horse racing, Singapore Sweep etc. are not taxable under Singapore taxation law. Therefore, the income of Leonard from winning in Big Sweep will not be taxable ("Winnings (Toto, 4D, etc.) - IRAS", 2016). 1.b:- Tax Payee: Leonard Ong Calculation of Tax Liability on Royalty Income for the taxation period 2015 Particulars Amount Gross Royalty Income 52520 Less: Allowable Deductions: Printing Stationery 15500 Advertisement Publicity 8600 Legal Fees 2480 Net Royalty Income (A) 25940 10% of Gross Royalty (B) 5252 Taxable Royalty Income (Lower of A B) 5252 If, Leonard has to pay tax only on his royalty income, then he has not to pay any tax, as the taxable amount of royalty income is lesser than S$20000 ("Income Tax Rates - IRAS", 2016). 1.c:- Tax Payee: Leonard Ong Calculation of Taxable Rental Income for the taxation period 2016 Particulars Property 1 Property 2 Rental Income 54000 32400 Less: Allowable Deductions: Property Tax 3960 2520 Maintenace Fees 2280 1560 Wall Painting 2800 Repairs 1600 Net Rental Income 43360 28320 Total Net Rental Income 71680 1.d:- Tax Payee: Leonard Ong Calculation of Taxable Share Option Benefit for the taxation period 2014 Particulars Amount Market price of Share Option 2.3 Less: Allowable Deductions: Cost of Acquisition 0 Taxable Share Benefit per share 2.3 Nos. of Shares 100000 Total Taxable Share Benefit 230000 Tax Payee: Leonard Ong Calculation of Taxable Share Option Benefit for the taxation period 2015 Particulars Amount Selling Price per share 5 Less: Allowable Deductions: Share Option Exercise per share 3.5 Taxable Share Benefit per share 1.5 Nos. of Shares 100000 Total Taxable Share Benefit 150000 1.e:- Leonard can claim tax relief for the alimonies, paid to his two previous wives. He paid S$2400 and S$1800 annually to his first and second wife respectively. Therefore, under the Singapore taxation rule, he can claim tax relief amounted to S$2000 for his first wife and S$1800 for his second wife ("Spouse Relief/ Handicapped Spouse Relief - IRAS", 2016). 2.a:- (100) i) If Leonard contract any major illness, then he will be entitled to receive coverage amounted to S$90000 from 5-year limited-pay whole life plan. However, if he contracts cancer, then he will receive S$800000 under the Term Insurance Plan also (Tan et al., 2014). From the following case study, it is evident that Leonard despite suffering several lumps around his neck bought up an insurance plan, which covered the critical illness benefit unless he dies of cancer. The insurable term plan stated further that such insurable sum is only payable on the event of Leonard contracting cancer however; the plan stipulated that such sum would be received by the successor only because of death. It is worth mentioning that such insurable coverage would not be receivable by Leonard unless he suffers any other form of critical illness. On the other hand, due to Leonards sudden death the mortgage loan taken by Leonard will provide as an additional coverage for the remaining balance of such loan. ii) The successor of Leonard will receive S$800000 under Term Insurance plan, if Leonard dies from cancer within one year and the insurance coverage would not received within the year for the treatment purposes. If, Leonard dies from any other critical illness, then his successor will not receive any insurance coverage from any of the insurance (Tan, 2015). However, due to Leonards death, the Mortgage-Reducing Term Insurance Plan will cover the outstanding balance of the loan, taken for purchasing the condominium. 2.b:- Calculation of Annual Compound Rate of Return:- Bond Name Purchase Price on 1/02/15 Market Price on 31/12/15 Period Compound Annual Return Rate (in Months) A 3.6 3 0.916666667 -18.04% B 4.7 6.6 0.916666667 44.83% C 5.3 8.7 0.916666667 71.72% TOTAL 32.84% 2.c:- Calculation of Gain/Loss on Investment:- Bond Name Purchase Price on 1/02/15 Market Price on 31/12/15 Gain/Loss on Investment A 3.6 3 -16.67% B 4.7 6.6 40.43% C 5.3 8.7 64.15% TOTAL 13.6 18.3 34.56% 3 a (I) Wifes duty of maintenance towards husband: For number of years it was apparent that the law in Singapore was such that it required husband to provide for maintenance for his ex-wife where it was necessary. However, in the recent amendments made to the womens charter, it is observed that womens also holds duty of maintenance towards husbands, which subsequently allows husbands to apply for maintenance (Fu, 2016). It is the responsibility of wife towards their husband who is ill or incapacitated husbands or ex-husbands for maintenance on the grounds that if he is; Incapacitated due to mental or physical disability, before or during the course of marriage Wifes also owe a duty of maintenance if the husband is unable to earn a living on account of disability If the husband is unable to support himself Thus, maintenance should be originally based on the reasonableness and fairness, which suggest that men assuming that the initial role in care giving or household labour is also accountable for maintenance. 3 a (II): As stated under Section 113 of the Womens Charter provides the court with the authority to order husband to pay for maintenance to his wife or former wife, either during the marital proceedings or after the divorce, judicial separation or nullity of the marriage has been finalized by the court. The court orders that the husband who is bound to maintain his wife either by supporting financially by paying the sum in lump sum or through periodic payment of the sum assured. The court also states that substantial division of matrimonial assets may be made in order to justify the maintenance for the wife. According to Subsection 2 of the Womens Charter a husband is required to maintain his wife on the grounds that Where the child has not attained the age of 21 years or any siblings who has attained the age of 21 years any person who is a guardian or has original custody of the child, It is worth mentioning that the court during the time of maintenance for a wife or child under the section have regard to all the circumstances surrounding the situations (Downs, 2016). This concerns the financial needs of the wife and children, the earning capacity of the wife or any other financial resources relating to wife. As stated under the legal regulations of Singapore at general degree it sets out that the context for the following discussion is specifically aimed at marital duties of wives towards their husband. Section 46 (1) of the Womens Charter lays down the rights and duties for maintenance of both husband and wife. The charter encourages the ideals and cajoles of wives towards their husband only to the extent, which is practicable. As mentioned under the association of women it is said that maintenance of husband should be based on the fairness and also provided further suggestions that men should assume their original role in the form of providing care or household labour is also eligible for maintenance. 3 b: According to the trust draft settler, trustee and beneficiary are mentioned below Settlor: Leonard Ong Trustee: Her two wives Beneficiaries: Lynette Ong and Bridget Ong 3 C (I): Intestate Succession Rules is applicable in the case of Leonard Ong. The rule states that any decedents who fail to prepare a will or did not make any complete distribution of their estate then in such case the states defaulting statutory scheme or intestate succession rules will be used as basis for disposition of their assets (Downs, 2016). In the current case study Leonard failed to distribute the trust draft and dies, leaving the properties undistributed among his probable beneficiaries. Thus, it could be possible under the Intestate Succession Act distribution of Leonard estate can be made regardless of where the property is located. As stated under the Intestate Succession Rules and given the circumstances of concerning the mobility of the current society it is perhaps possible for the laws concerning of more than one state is applicable to another estate. For example, it could be viewed that law relating to the law of decedent governing the location of the property. Usually, intestacy statutes preserve the preference for near relatives in determining the order of preference for dolling out the assets. A common statutory pattern provides for the line of succession who are surviving spouse, children or next of kin are covered under the decedents statutory schemes however a common law is applicable where spouse is not an heir. Accordingly it can be concluded that Leonard property would be vested in the interest of his children including the illegitimate child. 3 C (II): It would be inappropriate to extend the scope of the IFP (S) Act to provide the illegitimate child concerning of deceased person from invoking it. However, it is the legislative call of the policy since section 68 has already imposed a duty on the natural parent to maintain the illegitimate child. The law further describes that the duty concerning the natural parenting regarding the maintenance of an illegitimate child should not be terminated with the death of Leonard. The child estate would continue to be held liable to discharge that duty. The original issue should be viewed in the court of law that the illegitimate child is entitled to claim for support under the IFP (S) Act. It should not be disputed on the fact that deceased was the biological father of Daphne and the two other children since his name appeared on both their certificates. It should be noted that it is also not considered as challenge that prior to the death of Leonard, the deceased was providing financial suppor t to his probable third wife and his earlier two children. Persons who are entitled to receive the property of Leonard estate are Daphne, Lynette and Bridget. As it was stated in the case of AAG v Estate of AAH, deceased 2009 SGCA 56 it was argued that no society of self-respecting nature can put blame on the shoulders of innocent children in order to encourage the better behavior of their parents of having children during the marriage. The arguments under this case is however compelling in nature. The court ruled that it would be unfair to punish the innocent children by denying the illegitimate child the maintenance, which a legitimate child is entitled to receive upon the death of his father (Jennings, 2013). It is worth mentioning that in the current case the father was supporting the child until his death. References Bibliography : Downs, R. (2016). Legal views: property law.Without Prejudice,16(3), 22-23. Fu, C. S. (2016). Promising a Happy Future: The Outcome-based Learning of" Marriage and Family".Jiaoyu Yanjiu Yuekan= Journal of Education Research, (266), 60. Guthrie, G. C., Lemon, L. D. (2014).Mathematics of interest rates and finance. Pearson Higher Ed. Harper, M., Ablett, M. (2016). Why it pays for the wealthy to divorce in Singapore (and not Hong Kong).Trusts Trustees, ttw027. Income Tax Rates - IRAS. (2016).Iras.gov.sg. Retrieved 16 October 2016, from https://www.iras.gov.sg/irashome/Individuals/Locals/Working-Out-Your-Taxes/Income-Tax-Rates/ Jennings, M. M. (2013).Real estate law. Cengage Learning. Singapore Personal Income Tax - 2015 Guide | Individual Tax in Singapore. (2016).Guidemesingapore.com. Retrieved 16 October 2016, from https://www.guidemesingapore.com/taxation/personal-tax/singapore-personal-tax-guide Spouse Relief/ Handicapped Spouse Relief - IRAS. (2016).Iras.gov.sg. Retrieved 16 October 2016, from https://www.iras.gov.sg/IRASHome/Individuals/Locals/Working-Out-Your-Taxes/Deductions-for-Individuals/Spouse-Relief/-Handicapped-Spouse-Relief/ Tan, B. S. (2015). Mandatory annuitisation, wealth transfer and utility enhancing policy: Singapore's CPF Life scheme.International Journal of Public Policy,11(4-6), 143-151. Tan, K. B., Tan, W. S., Bilger, M., Ho, C. W. (2014). Monitoring and evaluating progress towards universal health coverage in Singapore.PLoS Med,11(9), e1001695 Winnings (Toto, 4D, etc.) - IRAS. (2016).Iras.gov.sg. Retrieved 16 October 2016, from https://www.iras.gov.sg/IRASHome/Individuals/Locals/Working-Out-Your-Taxes/What-is-Taxable-What-is-Not/Winnings--Toto--4D--etc--/#title1 www.iras.gov.sg/irashome/uploadedFiles/IRASHome/e-Tax_Guides/etaxguides_IIT_ESOP_2013-6-24.pdf. (2016).www.iras.gov.sg. Retrieved 16 October 2016, from https://www.iras.gov.sg/irashome/uploadedFiles/IRASHome/e-Tax_Guides/etaxguides_IIT_ESOP_2013-6-24.pdf

Prepaid Wireless Industry

Technology has totally revolutionalized the manner in which we carry our day-to-day activities. The communication industry seems to be one of the greatest beneficiaries of the advanced technology since there are so many changes that have taken place.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Prepaid Wireless Industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Life has become easier and simpler with the technological advancements. The prepaid wireless industry is one of the industries that has emerged as a result of advancement in technology. This industry is highly competitive and this has seen many companies come up and stiff competition that is characteristic of this industry and has ensured that customers benefit greatly due to the high quality services being offered. The focus of this discussion will be on some of the key players in this dynamic and highly competitive industry. The companies in focus are epay worldwide. com. Emida.net and eurekarevenue.com. This discussion will also look at some of the advantages that each of these services has and which of the companies is stronger. Epay. Com is an international company whose main business is the distribution of payments solutions electronically. These services are instrumental in helping providers of various services reap maximally from the sales of their services as well as products. With more than half a million selling points in various countries of the world like Spain, Ireland, Italy, India and Germany, epay.com has continued to deliver highly innovative and specific tailored services as far as making of payment by electronic means in concerned (Epay 3). The advantage of the prepaid services provided by epay.com is that customers are able to access an array of gift cards which are branded. With this concept of prepaid, retailers are able to come up with categories and destinations that are fully supported by experts from epay. Retailers also have the advantage of being able to distribute their services throughout the network. Emida.net on the other hand is a company that operates globally whose main services include the making prepayments globally as well as value transfer market. This company operates in more than 30 counties in the whole American region and part of the African and Caribbean region.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The retail points supported by Emida.com are estimated to be about 46,000 with annual payment of the dollar being estimated to stand at $1.4 billion with estimates of transaction transacted by the company being estimated to stand at 180 million. Some of the advantages that emida.com has included allowing international as well as domestic distribution of various products which are prepaid in nature and services that involve payments. Retailers, ISOs, service providers and car riers using emida.net also have the advantage of getting robust revenues. Currently, emida.net is said to be leading as far as proving prepaid services is concerned. One issue that distinguishes emida.net from other companies is the fact Eureka has partnered with most of the well established carriers throughout the world and this has enabled eureka to a great extent to create a reliable network which has proven helpful to clients throughout the world. This company also caters for long distance prepaid services and this has brought about convenience and customers are able to get value and the revenue goes up. Any retailer or service provider who has subscribed with emida will also be in a position to offer all their customers, cost effective, convenient and safe options that they can implement to ensure that their financial needs are well managed. Under the financial services provided by emida, your clients will comfortably be able to purchase stored value cards as well as prepaid de bit and also foot their bills. Through these services, it will also be possible for them to make transfers of money to family and friends in convenient hassle free manner. The kind of services that you will receive from Emida will ensure that the portfolio of your products is well built (Emida 2). It is common knowledge especially in the world today that payment of bills especially if they are hefty can prove to be very risky.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Prepaid Wireless Industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Besides the risk, the hassle involves is nothing to write home about. Having paid full recognition to the challenges that consumers experience in payment of bills Emida has come up with a way of making it easy for clients to foot their bills which is not only easier but also more reliable and convenient. The payment solution provided by Emida ensures that you gain access to numerous billers from telecommunication to providers of utilities, insurance among others. With this pay bill solution, all one needs to do is to make payments at a local shop and this helps eliminate the risk factor as well as one is saved the hassle of making the payments and also one is able to save time that would have been wasted in making queues. For those customers who have subscribed to AT T services, you can also make it easy for them through emida.com. Just like the bills, these customers subscribed to AT T can also make payments through the local shops. Eurekarevenue.com though it has been in the market for a fewer years compared to its competitors, it has managed to create a niche itself. This company is dedicated to making life easier for those who prefer the option of truncating using cash as opposed to using credit cards and cheques. The platform created by Eurekarevenue has made it simple for customers the world over to enjoy prepaid services through electronic means and with a wel l established and robust network. The company has managed to partner with different well established and this has ensured that clients get convenient services within their reach. Eureka revenue has various products that they offer which include the ERI web and the ERI terminal. The terminal is an effective simplifies of selling airtime of prepaid wireless. These terminals are used as they are provided by the company without the need to buy additional equipments (Eureka 1).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The only requirement is a telephone line and you will be good to go. The ERI web on the other hand works pretty similar with the ERI terminal just that in this case, one will require a computer with internet connectivity to enjoy this service Comparing epay.com and emida. Net, it is clear that emida is stronger than its counterpart. This is not only in terms of the number of years that this company has been in existence but also the robust network that it has managed to establish ad the numerous reliable partners that this company has. In addition, this company has managed to penetrate in more markets than epay thus making emida stronger in terms of popularity and client base. Prepaid wireless industry has without a doubt grown tremendously the world over. Works Cited Emida. Prepaid Wireless. 2011. Web. https://www.emida.net/en/home/ Epay. Welcome to Epay. 2011. Web. http://epayworldwide.com/en-US/ Eureka. ERI helps retail stores increase their revenue and foot traffic through prepa idwireless solutions. 2011. Web. This research paper on Prepaid Wireless Industry was written and submitted by user Rylee Sears to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Maps of the Ancient Near and Middle East

Maps of the Ancient Near and Middle East Maps of the ancient Near East that can be used for personal research, for classroom or lecture use, or for publication on your website can be found on the Internet, it just takes a little digging. The websites listed below are portals for what are in some cases decades of research by dedicated scholars, some based in universities, some independent scholars. Youll find an index and a few examples of the maps available on each website listed here. Note that terms of use are also listed in the descriptions for each site, but also know that these can change with little notice, so if you plan to use the maps on a website, be sure to contact the editors first to make sure you wont be in copyright violation. The University of Texas at Austin: Perry-Castaeda Library The Perry-Castaà ±eda Library is based at the University of Texas at Austin, and truly the best of the bunch. UTAs PCL Map collections include high-resolution scans of historical atlases from all over the world.   Terms of Usage: Most of the maps are in the public domain, and no permissions are needed to copy them, no matter where you are using them. They would appreciate credit (and a small donation) to University of Texas Libraries as the source of the scanned images. PCL Map collections IndexMaps of the Middle EastAncient Jerusalem, 356K JPG city map, scanned from Palestine and Syria. Handbook for Travellers by Karl Baedeker, 5th Edition, 1912, showing elevations, landmarks, modern and ancient walls.The Macedonian Empire, 326-323 BCE, from the Historical Atlas by William R. Shepherd, 1923. Insets: The Aetolian and Achaian Leagues. Includes a plan of Tyre.Palestine in the Time of Saul about 1020 BCE, scanned from the From Atlas of the Historical Geography of the Holy Land. Smith, George Adam. London, 1915 David Rumsey Map Collection David Rumsey has collected over 85,000 geo-referenced maps over the past thirty and more years, focused on very high-resolution scans of rare 16th- through 21st-century maps of the world. They are astonishing in their detail and resolution. Middle Eastern maps are in the Asia collection, with a specialized Luna viewer to assist in the creation of slideshows suitable for classroom use. Terms of Usage: Images may be reproduced or transmitted under a Creative Commons license that allows education and personal use, but not commercial use. For commercial use, contact the editors. Main Index pageAtlas indexLuna Viewer of Asian mapsClaudius Ptolemys Map of the eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East from Cyrpus to Babylonia, published in 1561 by Girolamo Rscelli and M. Giuseppe MolettiHenry Schenk Tanners 1819 map of the worldHistorical maps from Google Earth, some georeferenced maps are also made available by the David Rumsey Map CollectionGeo-referenced Buddhist map of the world made in 1710 The Mapping History Project The Mapping History Project at the University of Oregon has developed a set of interactive and animated maps of fundamental history problems that require Shockwave, as well as straight downloadable images. English and German versions. Usage Terms: Contact the editors for academic and commercial use. Main Index of the Mapping History ProjectEurope Map Archive (including Ancient Near East, as well as Greek and Roman maps)Europe Image Library. John Nichols photographs of Roman and Greek ruinsPolitical Change in Mesopotamia 3000-1000 BCE Interactive map using shockwave to show successive political waves from Sumerian to Kassite with Babylonian, Assyrian, and Agade along the way.Sea People of the Late Bronze Age. Map of the Near East shows major cities all located along waterways, from Troy in the north to Nile Delta cities and Memphis in the south. Also shows movements of armies and naval forces.Ancient Near East Empires 700–300 BCE, Shockwave interactive map. Oriental Institute: Center for Middle Eastern Studies (CMES) The OIsCenter for Middle Eastern Studies (CMES) has made pdf versions of maps of the Islamic World available on its website. Terms of Use: The terms are not specifically identified with regard to the maps, but there is a contact page that you should use before publishing these maps elsewhere. Index of MapsArabia before the Muslim conquestsThe Mongol Empire 1260 CE Oriental Institute: CAMEL The Center for Ancient Middle Eastern Landscapes (CAMEL) project at the University of Chicagos Oriental Institute has a vast collection of maps and other images from the Near East, but only a handful of the maps are currently online. Terms of Use: Publication, distribution, exhibition, or reproduction is prohibited without prior written permission. Main Index for CAMELCAMEL Maps, a list of available sources of public domain holdings, but youll need to contact the OI to obtain copies.Search engine for OI collections. Use this to search CAMEL for maps or other resources.Survey of Egypt: Orographical Map of the Nile BasinSurvey of Egypt: Map of Cairo Showing Islamic MonumentsAncient Near East Site Maps IndexIraq Site Map. A greyscale map of archaeological sites in Iraq, including Akkad, Babylonia, Assyria, and Sumer located alongside the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Major cities and other rivers included in line drawing. My Old Maps Independent scholar Jim Siebold has been collecting and scanning old maps and writing detailed monographs about them since the turn of the 21st century, under a range of different websites beginning with the Henry Davis Consulting Firm. His most current and up-to-date version of the ongoing project is the My Old Maps website. Terms of Use: Low-resolution images may be downloaded and used with accreditations; high-resolution images are available for free from Siebold on request. My Old Maps Main indexMaps from Antiquity  indexBabylonian Clay Tablet World Map. Circular map from 600 BCE which if the interpretive redrawing is correct shows Babylon, Armenia, and the Bitter River.The Earliest Known Map, town plan of 6200 BCE Catal Hoyuk. HyperHistory Online HyperHistory Online is a long-term project by architect and independent scholar Andreas Nothiger, whose main claim to fame is a huge History Chart that begins with the Old Testament prophets of David and Solomon and ends with World War II. He has a substantial collection of maps, drawn for his project. Terms of Use: Not listed on the website, but an email contact is provided. Main Map Index for HyperHistory OnlineIndex of Maps of AntiquitySumerIsrael and Judah. Bible Maps Bible Maps is a Canadian website that has loads of maps, constructed on the basis that the Bible is literal fact, pure and simple; chronologies are based on strict biblical interpretations. Terms of Use: Free to look at, print, and share in churches and schools, but not permitted to sell or post on line. Details on use and construction are listed on the home page. Main Index Twelve Tribes, as described in the book of JoshuaAbrahams Journey from Ur Al Mishraq: The Levant Al Mishraq is a Norwegian site dedicated to the history and archaeology of the Levant region of western Asia. The site has a handful of interesting maps, but they are spotty in quality. Terms of Use: Not provided on the site, but an email address is provided on the homepage. Index of Maps and Geography15th Century Map of the Arabic World, high-resolution image of Nazam al-Din al-Hussein bin Muhammad al-Nishapuris Sharh al-Tadhkarah map.Map of Beirut, 1876, from the Danish Vice-Counsel Julius Là ¶ytvedA Glimpse of Yesterday. In addition to showing the place name variations between Aramaic, Canaanite, and Arabic, the site explains the arbitrary temporal and geographic distinctions between Ancient Near East and Middle East.

Organizational Impact Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Organizational Impact - Essay Example The company uses a more qualitative approach, which does not require much data collection from without the organization but from within it. In such cases, in-house leaders such as departmental heads and managers are made to present reports and memos on the current strategic positions of their departments. Most often than not, these reports and memos are not used in isolation but linked to the quantitative data collection to authenticate the claims of the in-house leaders from the perspective of the outside world. At other times, the qualitative evaluation is simplified so much so that leaders of the organization merely make productive inferences of the output of work within the organization. This is to say that the leaders measure the impact of innovation, design, and creativity on strategy by measuring the change in productivity and growth. Zenger and Folkman justify this approach by saying that wherever there is innovation, design, and creativity, there ought to be growth and devel opment. Therefore where there is growth, it can simply be assumed that strategies in place are adequately working in a manner that is most justifiable. The consideration of processes and products at Wal-Mart is another important practice that the leadership of the organization has been constantly involved in. The rationale to emphasizing on processes and services is that they help in determining levels of customer satisfaction and aid in ensuring that the company serves customers in a manner that is most desirable and meets the expectations of customers.

'The importance of corporate social responsibility (CSR) to Essay

'The importance of corporate social responsibility (CSR) to ...... (use the company featured for your portfolio my portfolio company is GOOGLE - Essay Example Social responsibility enables a company to build a good name about itself which over time earns it a good reputation. A good reputation is very important to any organization that is success oriented and its benefits cannot be underestimated. It makes people want to be associated with the firm since almost everyone is proud of it and this in turn is beneficial to the company (Paetzold 2009, p.33). It is thus a great marketing asset that has a high potential of increasing sales and customer loyalty, which as a result can translate, to perpetual dominance of the firm in the sector it operates in. Google Company because of being socially responsible has built a good reputation in the market that has made many people across the globe to be loyal to its products. This has enabled the company to excel in marketing its products and generally it has contributed significantly to its overall success (Scharl 2007, p.200) Organizations that give back to the community are associated with greater employee satisfaction and productivity than their counterpart that do not engage in empowering the society (Ulrich, Goldsmith & Carter 2004, p.40). This is mainly because the workers are able to rightly identify themselves with their employer without fear since the firm has built a strong brand of itself out of its involvement in social empowerment activities. They in turn become more motivated in their work and hence they consciously or unconsciously become more productive benefiting their employers. Furthermore firms which are ethically responsible usually attract the most qualified and talented employees mainly because these workers believe that they will be treated well. This strong belief that they will be treated well stems from the reasoning that if the company treats outsiders in such a good manner then it must be kind to its staff. Google Company over the past three years has donated over three hundred

Federal Indian Policy Essay Example for Free

Federal Indian Policy Essay When the newly founded United States of America gained its independence from Britain, they were faced with many new challenges. One of their biggest challenges was establishing and building upon their own domain that Britain had transferred at the Peace Treaty of 1783. 1 Of course, this land was still inhabited by Indian peoples. The United States knew that territorial expansion was inevitable and to the Indians, this meant war. Creek chief Hallowing King said, â€Å"Our lands are our life and breath. If we part with them, we part with our blood. †2 This turned out to be a constant changing battle for territorial dominance and an era of changing federal Indian policy. The new America followed British ideas and created an Indian Department. This department established many rules for the sale and transfer of Indian lands with the hope of regulating the advancement of the western frontier. 3 In 1790, Congress enacted the Indian Trade and Intercourse Act. 4 Backed by President Washington and the Indian Department, this act stipulated that Congress would regulate all trade, interaction and even intercourse with all Native Americans. 5 Congress regulated this Act by issuing licenses to approved individuals. Failure to obey this law led to apprehension and a trail in court. 6 However, many American famers ignored this bill and would steal Indians to use as slaves. Naturally, the Indians fought back which led to bloody encounters. As Americans continued to ease westward, many battles and treaties began to emerge. The Battle of Fallen Timbers was one of the more popular encounters. The Western Lakes Confederacy which consisted of several numerous tribes had achieved major victories in the past. It was President Washington’s goal to put their victories to an end. 7 The Americans out-numbered the Indians and destroyed many villages in the region. This battle led to the form of many treaties like the Treaty of Greenville in 1795. This ended the Northwest Indian War which the Battle of Fallen Timbers was a part of. In exchange of goods valued at $20,000, the Indians turned over large parts of the modern-day area of Ohio. 8 This was a tremendous victory for the United States and it certainly gave them the momentum in establishing Indian policy and in the race for territorial expansion. However, the fight and establishment for federal Indian policy did not end in the Ohio Valley. The United States began to realize that the Indians and Americans would not be able to co-exist in the same eastern territory. President Thomas Jefferson began implementing the policy of â€Å"removing† Indians from their eastern homelands. The government decided they could go about this a few different ways. They could try to destroy the Indian peoples, assimilate them to American society, protect them on their ancestral lands or remove them to more distant, western lands. 9 It was Jefferson’s plan to use the process of dispossession with minimal government. This plan involved allowing American settlements to slowly border the Indians, either allowing them to become civilized Americans or letting them flee beyond the Mississippi with the hopes of establishing multiple treaties. 10 Well, that is exactly what happened. This strategy to acquire Indian lands resulted in nearly thirty treaties with several tribes and the cession of 200,000 square miles of Indian territory. 11 This Jeffersonian policy proved to be very effective for the young United States. The more â€Å"conservative† removal policies of the American government took a halt when Andrew Jackson was elected President in 1828. Jackson was a famous Indian fighter who was often referred to as very vocal on his Indian views. He regarded the Indians as inferior and even referred to them as â€Å"savages that must be removed. †12 Jacksons radical approach upset many natives and led to the Cherokee resistance. The Cherokees were confined to the state of Georgia where they decided to reconstruct their tribal government. They created a constitution, established a language, had bountiful resources and even created a newspaper. However, this only increased the pressure for their American neighbors to take control of this Cherokee territory. The state of Georgia called upon Congress to begin negotiations with the Cherokees so they could leave their land. In 1830, Congress passed the Indian Removal Act allowing the president to negotiate treaties of removal with all Indian tribes east of the Mississippi. One year later, the Cherokee Nation brought a suit against the state of Georgia. The Supreme Court ruled in the case of Worcester v. Georgia that the Cherokee Nation was â€Å"a distinct community, occupying its own territory where the laws of Georgia can have no force. †13 Georgia ignored this ruling and continued violating the Cherokee region. Faced with destruction or removal, the Cherokees signed the Treaty of New Echota, where they agreed to relocate west of the Mississippi River. 14 This relocation devastated the Cherokee Nation’s emotions and is known as the Trail of Tears in 1835. As you can see, the United States of America was faced with a very difficult dilemma in having to force federal Indian policies to maintain the control of the eastern frontier. Although much blood was shed over the policies between Washington’s and Jackson’s administrations, much more blood could have been shed and treaties could have never formed. This could have possibly changed the face of the United States as we know it today. Notes 1. Calloway, Colin G, First Peoples; A Documentary Survey of American Indian History, Bedford/St Martins, New York, 3rd Ed, 2008, 219. 2. Calloway, 218. 3. Calloway, 219. 4. Prucha, P. Francis. Federal Indian Policy. May 2 2005. http://www. alaskool. org/native_ed/ historicdocs/use_of_english/ prucha. htm (accessed May 29, 2009), 2. 5. Prucha, 2. 6. Prucha, 2. 7. Prucha, 3. 8. Calloway, 230. 9. Calloway, 229. 10. Calloway, 230. 11. Calloway, 228. 12. Calloway, 231. 13. Seal, David. The Trail of Tears. Oct 19 1994. http://ngeorgia. com/history/nghisttt. html (accessed May 29, 2009), 1. 14. Seal, 1. Bibliography Calloway, Colin G, First Peoples; A Documentary Survey of American Indian History, Bedford/St Martins, New York, 3rd Ed, 2008. Prucha, P. Francis. â€Å"Federal Indian Policy† May 2 2005. http://www. alaskool. org/native_ed/ historicdocs/use_of_english/ prucha. htm (accessed May 29, 2009). Seal, David. The Trail of Tears. Oct 19 1994. http://ngeorgia. com/history/nghisttt. html (accessed May 29, 2009).

The Lasting Effects of the Columbian Exchange During the Age of Discove

The Lasting Effects of the Columbian Exchange During the Age of Discovery It should no longer come as any great surprise that Columbus was not the first to discover the Americas--Carthaginians, Vikings, and even St. Brendan may have set foot on the Western Hemisphere long before Columbus crossed the Atlantic. But none of these incidental contacts made the impact that Columbus did. Columbus and company were bound to bring more than the benefits of Christianity and double entry bookkeeping to America. His voyages started the Columbian Exchange, a hemispherical swap of peoples, plants, animals and diseases that transformed not only the world he had discovered but also the one he had left. The Old and New Worlds had been separated for millions of years before this voyage (except for periodic reconnections in the far north during the Ice Ages). This period of separation resulted in great species divergence and evolvement. There were still many similar species, such as deer and elm, but Europe had nothing like hummingbirds, rattlesnakes, and hickory and pecan trees. The differences were even greater in the southern hemispheres; the biggest mammal in Africa was the elephant, and the biggest mammal in South America was the cow-sized tapir. Both of these environmental systems struggled for a delicate sense of balance and homeostasis-- but their collision in 1492 began a whole new time of competition and struggle for dominance. The environmental impact of such a collision is enormous and should be looked at as part of our understanding of the Age of Discovery. PLANTS Thomas Jefferson once said that, " The greatest service which can be rendered to any country is to add a useful plant to its culture." By this standard, Col... ...opened new windows to science and to all knowledge. The results of the Columbian Exchange come with mixed feelings, owing to the degree of death and slavery that such a clash of natures caused. But whatever the outcome of the two worlds "re-uniting," the Exchange was a major event in the process of discovery. Suggested Readings Crosby, Alfred W. The Columbus Voyages, the Columbian Exchange, and Their Historians: Essays on Global and Comparitive History. Washington, D.C.:American Historical Association, 1987. ---. The Voyages of Columbus: A Turning Point in World History. Bloomington, IN: ERIC Clearinghouse for Social Studies/Social Science Education, 1989. Patrick, John J. "Columbus in the Curriculum: Ideas and Resources for Teachers of History in Elementary and Secondary Schools." International Journal of Social Education. 7.1

Development of Architecture during the Industrial Revolution

Introduction The industrial revolution is one of the Great alterations in human history. It starts in the center of 18 century in Britain and go oning until now. Before the Revolution, there were no metropoliss merely small towns. To acquire from one small town to another people used galloping Equus caballus, which was the chief and fastest transit of that clip. For bulk of people the agribusiness was dominant. When industrial revolution Begins, agribusiness and hand-made been stopped. Thingss that describes the period of Industrial revolution are innovations of steam engine, coal anhttps://phdessay.com/positive-and-negative-effects-of-the-industrial-revolution/d Fe. Everything is changed when James Watt created a â€Å"steam engine† in 1769. Invention of steam engine provided Britain with an industrial power. Factories, cloths and railwaies could be anyplace.( Louis Auguste Blanqui, historical channel.com.au ) . Invention of Fe by Derby Family could non go on without steam engine. Smelting of Fe by wood coal was expensive procedure. Abraham Derby discovered, that alternatively of utilizing coal, can replace it with coke. The resulted merchandise is cast Fe.â€Å"Human of the Industrial Revolution† , World Wide Web, hystoryworld.net Besides Fe industry, there was a development of fabric production, because fabric is the basic demands. Food and cotton merchandises were light and easier to transport to different metropoliss. Location of Britain was good for H2O conveyances. We know, that Britain is non from sea from any parts. This was the thing that makes the transit of goods easier. . There was already bing of webs of canals. â€Å"Human of the Industrial Revolution† , World Wide Web, hystoryworld.net During this clip changes the production of goods. Now alternatively of utilizing hand-made merchandises, machines started replacing people. For illustration in cloths and industries, machine could replace 5-6 people. This is chief disadvantage of the Industrial Revolution, when authorities starts discontinuing unneeded workers. Inventions of Industrial revolution period influenced to the economic system growing. It is creative activity of different machine tools, utilizing of Iron in industry. Industrial revolution changed everything and including architecture every bit good. Industrial revolution truly affected on architecture. There was no demand of fancy architecture any longer. Peoples started design more industrial type, which is more utile instead than Gothic edifices. Beautiful Gothic edifices were designed to affect people. In that period some people was already on industrial side, started planing simple construction. At the same clip some people went back to the old architectural manner and brought them back. Therefore there were motions as Gothic resurgence and Art Nouveau. When people started planing with industrial head they had many pick of design their house. (The importance of Industrial Revolution in Archietcture ) . (hypertext transfer protocol: //www.fablablima.com) Producing of Fe influenced on architecture. One of great illustrations of architecture of industrial period is Crystal Palace by Joseph Paxton ( 1850-1851 ) . Joseph Paxton studied and experienced Fe and glass, about of fall ining these constituents together to plan a big edifice. Body The motion of Gothic manner architecture was non accidently. Those motions were against industrial revolution. They wanted to convey back the traditional manner of architecture. The Crystal Palace in comparison to Gothic Revival and humanistic disciplines and trade motions in architecture is new manner of design of that clip. Gothic resurgence is architectural motion, which was based in England. It’s been a remake of traditional edifice manner of â€Å"Middle Ages† . Gothic manner edifices are really heavy and cosmetic. Structure made of rock and brick. â€Å"Art Nouveau† motion has same characteristics as Gothic motion, such as: symmetrical forms and signifiers, usage of arches and heavy structural system.( Jackie Craven, Art Noveau Architecture. architecture.about.com ) The Crystal Palace is on of the Great edifices of Industrial period, which represent new way in architecture. One of edifice that represent revolutionized architecture. When architecture moved from traditional manner to the new measure. This construction is illustration of how people started sing different types of stuffs, alternatively of building the edifices by masonry and rock and maximising the indoor infinites. It is a design of lightweight and low-priced edifices. This was the measure when architecture of industrial period marked the beginning of new sort of architecture. It plays a large function in a history of architecture. The Crystal Palace was a glass and dramatis personae Fe construction. The construction was built in London, for the Great Exhibition of 1851. In 1850 the commission were traveling to take a design for the construction, which will exhibit the latest engineering and invention from around the universe: â€Å" Great Exhibition of the plants of industry of all Nations† . The commission demands was:Economy and maximising the exhibition infiniteSpaces for circulationSpaces for response, categorization and arrangement of goods.Position from the inside.In three hebdomads commission received more 250 plants from Australia, Belgium, Netherlands, Hanover, Hamburg, France. But the commission rejected all the plants. Largely all the work was brick and masonry structural designs. But there was Fe and glass design by Hector Horeau. The commission rejected it every bit good, because of the cost of the undertaking. ( The Crystal castle, p12 ) Already known designer and nurseryman Joseph Paxton presented his thought and construct to the commission. Before Joseph already had an experience with combination of dramatis personae Fe, glass and laminated wood in his â€Å" Chatsworthhouse† edifice, which was made of glass. The larges glass house of that period. He experienced the thought â€Å"Ridge –and- furrow† roof system in Charsworthhouse, subsequently he apllied this system in Crystal Palace’s design. Joseph’s design was based on faculty with the sizes 10inch x 49 inches, which is size of larges glass available that clip. The construction consisted of right-angled trigons, which were supported by Fe beams and pillars. The length of right-angled trigons was for 564 m. These basic constituents of the construction were light, strong and easy to construct. After Joseph submitted his drawings and computations, the commission approved the low cost design. The construct of ridge-and-roof house was lily flowers. Paxton’s repute as nurseryman was high, he wanted to lily bloom to be grown in England. He takes attention of flowers. Later it became a construct for the roof system in Crystal Palace. In building of the glass house, there was an issue with ridge-and furrow roof. Glass construction required more light, but because of structural members of roof ( trusses, purlins ) edifice does non acquire forenoon and eventide beams. To avoid this job he created the methods of glass roofing, which calls â€Å"ridge and furrow† . The rule and constructs of the roof was to acquire forenoon and eventide visible radiation without any limitation. Therefore the spectacless were placed in specific place. He tested this thought in his â€Å"Green house† . After it was applied to the Crystal Palace. ( The Crystal castle, p29 ) The roof of transept is semicircular from exterior. In building of this roof the support was made arched lumbers. Columns supported on each arched lumber. The transept roof besides following the construct of ridge-and-furrow roof. It was constructed in a level mode, but following the form of arched lumber. The scope of the arches had louvered framed opening which allow inactive airing for the edifice. Hollow columns of the construction support the roof. The roof itself looks level. It has ridges and furrows, because of rise and autumn of them is little, roof looks level. Truss span of the roof 24 pess from each other and this spanning were supported by light beams or balks. These balks call â€Å"Paxton’s gutter† , because he created the system of utilizing the balk as a trough. The advantages are when it rains, H2O running from the surface of the roof to â€Å"Paxton’s gutter† . From there H2O goes to the chief trough, which is connected to the hollow columns and passes down to drainage. ( The Crystal Palace, p.36 ) But later on roofing system gets a job, because of non handiness of good quality building stuffs. On of the disadvantages was leaking largely from all of the portion of the large edifice. This job could non be solved. In footings of maximising the infinite dramatis personae columns had advantages compare to masonry columns of traditional architecture, because it could transport the same burden as masonry columns. Cast Columns much slimmer than masonry columns and can supply more unfastened indoor infinite. When the bottleneck was complete the interior exhibition infinite was tremendous. Because there were no solid walls, merely the slender columns back uping the ego weight. On of the of import advantage of the structural frame plants, that cast Fe was low in monetary value comparison to traditional carven rock. The columns of the Crystal Palace consist of reservoir, where the all the drain H2O collects from the roof. This drain H2O is useable in state of affairs of fire or for agribusiness. ( The Crystal Palace, p18 ) . The great tallness of the edifice was divided into 3 narratives. Where are the dramatis personae Fe columns in each narratives have different tallness. In lower floor columns tallness is 19 pess and for first and 2nd floor is 17 pess. Between the columns the girders have same deepness and sizes. They look similar and give an feeling of fretwork. Therefore building does non look heavy.â€Å"This demoing how great strength may be combined with elegance and lightness†( The Crystal Palace, p35-36 ) . Joseph Paxton designed his â€Å"Victorian house† in such a manner, so the edifice retains wet and gets bright natural lighting every season of the twelvemonth. But the mechanical and natural merchandises, which were in the edifice, were destroyed because of wet. After this experiment with â€Å"Victorian House† , it was experience for him to make new design to avoid those issues for Crystal Palace. ( The Crystal Palace, p 32 ) . An of import advantage in building of Crystal Palace takes machinery. Paxton used different types of cut machines ( Punching machine, Iron boring machine, Adzing and be aftering machine ) . Al the machines powered by steam engine. Painting machine reservoir make fulling with the pigment, so it runs on surface of the frame. It constructed in a manner so unneeded portion could be cleaned. One of the machines he used for framed wall. The frames being cut in machinery with the precisely same dimensions, after this glass was put into the frame. The glass sashes been designed in manner so in summer can be removed. Since the work is done by machine, people did non worry that portion might non fit with each other. ( The Crystal Palace, p51 ) In pre-industrialized period constructing been by human trades without machines. Therefore it is harder and building takes long clip to be completed. The society of Art awarded Paxton’s sash-bar machines in 1841 with decoration. These types sash-b ar machines started utilizing in other portion of the state. In present clip sash-bar design was taken from Paxton’s machine. The large challenge of The Crystal Palace was to keep the normal temperature indoors. Because the map was exhibition, there would be 1000s of people. Heat bring forthing by people and the heat coming from exterior was the chief issue. Already in that clip Joseph Paxton smartly designed the external shading devices. Direct Sun visible radiation does non acquire, visible radiation is filtered and it becomes really soft. Another manner of solution of heat transportation was to do airing system. He designed airing system for wall and flooring. Puting prefabricated lovers on the wall provides hot air flight. For shocking system board were placed 1 cm apart from each other. It was smartly designed inactive design. Air could go indoors. ( Wikipedia ) . This is the 1 of the great illustration when people started believing of climatic response. Design the infinite, which will smartly work, instead than planing it for ornament. In footings of spacial planning, Paxton provided refreshments infinites for people during the exhibition. There are infinites with unfastened tribunals and trees. There was no necessity of doing solid enclosures, so the construction does non lose the elation. The trees of the north entryway were besides for refreshment intent. Spaces were enclosed by sash-glazed dividers about similar as exterior glass panels. Suites of the edifice was designed that can acquire more natural lighting and airing. Partitions that separate the suites give the edifice really light consequence. ( The Crystal castle, p.36 ) In 1936 on 30ThursdayNovember Crystal Palace was set on fire. In one hr the edifice was destroyed. North Transept was burned. Government non insured to cover the rebuilding. Because the cost was about 2 million lbs. That clip Welby Pugin laminitis of Gothic Architecture called this edifice â€Å"Glass Monster† . He told Paxtonâ€Å" You had better maintain to constructing green houses, and I will maintain mu churches and cathedrals† . Many other designers started criticizesCrystal Palace. Many books and articles was written after the destruction. Thomas Carlyle called it â€Å"Big glass soup buble† . But in these missive yearss Crystal Palace benn called â€Å"Proto Modern Architecture† and became a case in point for many edifices such as commercial edifices in Europe and America. Crystal Palace became a symbol of industrial revolution, strength and economic- industrial power of England that clip. (Manpret Singh, â€Å"The destruction Of Crystal Palace 19 26-1941† .www.digital.lib.umb.edu.com) Decision The chief thought of this essay was to demo the effectivity of industrialised methods of building of Crystal Palace in resistance to Gothic resurgence manner and Art Noveau, which represents traditional architecture. The chief points are:The chief difference is that Crystal Palace represents new manners of design, where edifices do non hold to be so heavy. The intent is economical usage of infinite. For illustration: slender columns allow holding large indoor infinite comparison to masonry columns.Using of different types of machines. Building can be completed in short period of clip.Low cost and handiness of dramatis personae Fe.Smart designed construction in response to climatic facets. As was already mentioned above, Paxton’s trough system, which collects the rain H2O in specific reservoir. Drain H2O is useable in instance of fire or for agribusiness.Less utilizing of unreal lighting, because of glass stuff.Passive airing design. Louvered wall system and flooring system, wh ere the block’s spacing is 1 cm. , which allows the infinite, breathe.The Crystal Palace was the great illustration of new manner of architecture. It was a measure frontward from the traditional architecture. The structural system of Crystal Palace we can still utilize in our clip. It was a case in point for future edifices. Already experient dramatis personae Fe and glass. After the destruction, people know how to avoid those jobs. Test it and do it work better, but the chief construct is based on Crystal Palace skeletal system. Therefore nowadays we have improved skeletal constructions. My sentiment is that this type of architecture is more utile, comparison to traditional. In footings of infinites, how could it be better and lighter by utilizing the different types of stuffs? But at the same clip it can transport the similar burden. It was the clip when people started believing of different design, forms and signifier. When people started believing of low cost constructions and sing of different stuffs except brick and rock. When people started believing of chances prosecuting with environing and climate facets of those sorts of constructions. Which is did non be for traditional type of architecture. Gothic and humanistic disciplines and trades edifices are more concentrating to demo the importance of it. Even the ornaments, which are non utile. There might be disadvantages of Industrial Revolution, but the chief advantage is measure for the hereafter with industrial head.

A Dominant Force Or Trend Within Clothing, Opinion, Arts,...

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